Bras for Girls
The Science of Comfort & Confidence

The Research BehindEvery Girl in the Game.

A well-fitting sports bra isn't a comfort upgrade — it's sporting equipment. Explore the peer-reviewed evidence on breast health, biomechanics, and why girls stay in (or leave) sport.

Watercolor sports bra

Why this matters — the evidence at a glance

46%
of schoolgirls say their breasts affect their participation in sport & exercise
Scurr et al., 2016 · Univ. of Portsmouth
39%
of teen girls (ages 15–19) report lack of breast support limiting their physical activity — the highest of any age group
Rizzone et al., 2021 · Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
17%
of elite female athletes reported improved performance after an individualized sports bra fitting — 97% reported better comfort and support
Renwick et al. · Univ. of Portsmouth · Tokyo Olympics/Paralympics cohort
Under the science

The anatomy of breast support

Breasts have no muscle of their own — they're supported only by skin and the delicate Cooper's ligaments. During activity, that tissue moves in every direction, and once those ligaments stretch, they don't bounce back.

☝️ Tap each item below to highlight it

  • AreolaThe light pink ring surrounding the nipple. Used as a landmark in biomechanics research to track breast motion.
  • NippleThe dark pink tip at the center. Researchers measure its displacement to quantify breast movement during exercise.
  • Cooper's LigamentsThe connective tissue strings — the breast's only internal support. Once stretched, they do not recover.
  • Breast Tissue (Lobules)The glandular structures that drive most breast movement — up to 19cm of displacement without support.
  • Fat TissueLight and dark blue areas surrounding the breast tissue. Determines shape and size, and contributes to movement.

That's exactly why a well-fitting sports bra matters — and why we built our POWERFUL curriculum around it. Our free, SHAPE-standards-aligned lessons for grades 4–12 give girls the knowledge and confidence to understand their bodies, find the right fit, and keep moving.

Explore the POWERFUL Curriculum →
Featured research

The Labs Behind the Science

Two world-leading research groups — in Portsmouth, UK and Rochester, New York — are driving the peer-reviewed science that shapes our curriculum and advocacy.

Portsmouth, England, UK
University of Portsmouth

Research Group in Breast Health

Led by Professor Joanna Wakefield-Scurr, this group has produced more than half of all published research in breast biomechanics worldwide. Their 3D motion capture, force plate, and thermal imaging studies define how we understand breast movement during exercise.

Visit the Portsmouth Bra Lab →
Rochester, New York, USA
University of Rochester Medical Center

Rizzone Lab

Led by Dr. Katherine Rizzone, MD, MPH — a sports medicine and pediatrics specialist — the Rizzone Lab conducted the first US multi-center study on sports bra preferences across age groups and breast sizes, placing adolescent girls at the center of breast health research.

Visit the Rizzone Lab →
Share your experience

Tell Us About Your Sports Bra Experience

We're collecting data to better understand the barriers and knowledge gaps girls and women face around sports bra fit and breast health. Takes about 3 minutes.

Take the Survey →

3 minutes · Anonymous · Open to all — women, men & non-binary

This survey asks about

  • Whether you've worn a sports bra & how it fits
  • Breast pain or discomfort during physical activity
  • Whether breast concerns have affected your activity level
  • Access to fitting guidance or breast health education
  • What resources would have helped you most

Your answers help us build better resources for girls and communities that need them.

Research Library

The peer-reviewed studies that ground our curriculum and advocacy. Filter by topic.

Education Intervention

Breast Education Improves Adolescent Girls' Knowledge, Attitudes & Habits

Omrani, Wakefield-Scurr, Smith, Wadey & Brown · Frontiers in Public Health · 2020

A school-based program significantly improved girls' breast knowledge, attitudes and healthy habits — and the gains held six months later. Open access.

Read study
Youth & Schoolgirls

The Influence of the Breast on Sport Participation in School Girls

Scurr et al. · J. Adolescent Health · 2016

The landmark UK schoolgirl survey: breast concerns and low sports-bra use are real barriers to girls' participation in PE and sport.

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Education & Fit (RCT)

Education Improves Bra Knowledge, Fit & Support in Young Athletes

McGhee, Steele & Munro · J. Physiotherapy · 2010

A randomized trial showing that teaching adolescent athletes about bras measurably improves their fit and breast support.

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Youth & Schoolgirls

Breast Education for Schoolgirls: Why, What, When & How?

Brown et al. · The Breast Journal · 2018

A practical framework for what girls should learn about breast development and support — and when — to keep them confident and in the game.

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Bra Fit & Use

Sports Bra Preferences by Age & Impact of Breast Size on Activity

Rizzone et al. · Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health · 2021

Surveys an active female cohort, linking breast size and support to activity and mapping what girls actually want in a bra. Open access.

Read study
Bra Design & Fit (PhD)

Sports Bra Design & Bra Fit: Minimising Exercise-Induced Discomfort

McGhee · PhD thesis · Univ. of Wollongong · 2009

Foundational work uniting bra fit and design research into strategies that reduce the breast discomfort that keeps women from exercising. Free full text.

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Bra Fit & Use

Features of Sports Bras That Deter Their Use by Women

Bowles, Steele & Munro · J. Science & Medicine in Sport · 2012

Identifies the design and fit features — straps, comfort, appearance — that put women off wearing sports bras in the first place.

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Biomechanics

Breast Biomechanics: What Do We Really Know?

McGhee & Steele · Physiology · 2020

An accessible review of how the breast moves during activity and how support garments change that motion — the science under the sports bra.

Read study
Biomechanics

Movement & Discomfort of the Breast During Exercise

Mason, Page & Fallon · J. Science & Medicine in Sport · 1999

An early analysis of how the breast moves during exercise — and how support reduces that movement and the discomfort it causes.

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Biomechanics

Breast Support, Breast Pain & Running Mechanics

White, Mills, Ball & Scurr · J. Sports Sciences · 2015

Shows how breast support and breast pain alter upper-body running mechanics, with the biggest effects for women with larger breasts.

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Breast Pain

Sports Brassiere: Is It a Solution for Mastalgia?

Hadi · The Breast Journal · 2000

An early clinical look at whether wearing a sports bra can relieve mastalgia (cyclical breast pain) in active women.

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Performance

Greater Breast Support & Improved Running Economy

Fong & Powell · Frontiers in Sports & Active Living · 2022

Better breast support was associated with lower oxygen consumption and more efficient running — support isn't just comfort, it's performance.

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Activity & Learning

Physical Activity & Children's Achievement & Cognition

Fedewa & Ahn · Research Q. for Exercise & Sport · 2011

A 59-study meta-analysis finding a significant, positive effect of physical activity on children's academic achievement and cognition.

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Self-Esteem

Characteristics Associated With Low Self-Esteem in US Adolescents

McClure, Tanski, Kingsbury et al. · Academic Pediatrics · 2010

A national study of 6,500+ adolescents examining what's linked to low self-esteem — including the protective role of team sport.

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Equity & Access

Decline in Physical Activity in Black & White Girls During Adolescence

Kimm et al. · New England J. of Medicine · 2002

A landmark cohort study: activity falls sharply for all girls in adolescence — and most steeply for Black girls, dropping to zero.

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Title IX & Health

Long-Run Effects of Adolescent Athletic Participation on Women's Health

Callison & Lowen · Economics & Human Biology · 2022

Using Title IX as a natural experiment: girls' access to sport improved women's mental health, weight and smoking outcomes decades later.

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Equity & Barriers

Breasts as a Perceived Barrier to Physical Activity in Mexican Women

Valles-Verdugo, Renteria et al. · Women's Health (Lond.) · 2024

Extends breast-barrier research beyond Western, English-speaking samples — Mexican women, too, name their breasts as a barrier. Open access.

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Puberty & Activity

Why Are Early-Maturing Girls Less Active?

Davison, Werder, Trost et al. · Social Science & Medicine · 2007

Links earlier puberty to lower activity by age 13, with self-worth and enjoyment of physical activity as the pathways in between.

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Bra Fit & Sports Participation

Understanding Experience, Knowledge & Perceived Challenges Related to Bra Fit for Sports Participation: A Scoping Review

Haworth, Aitkenhead, Grecic & Chohan · Research in Sports Medicine · 2024 · 32(2): 302–315

Synthesizing 23 studies, this PRISMA scoping review found breasts are the 4th largest barrier to physical activity — surfacing themes of breast motion, sports bra design, barriers to participation, and gaps in education and bra-fit knowledge.

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Breast Motion & Strain

3D Motion Analysis of Breast Strain & High-Load Zones During Exercise

Grant & Holmes (Loughborough Sports Technology Institute) · Loughborough University Sports Technology Institute · 2024

Advanced 3D motion capture maps breast surface strain during exercise, pinpointing exactly where the chest experiences high loading linked to pain — and informing where support is needed most.

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Breathing & Performance

Sports Bras & Breast Volume Do Not Impair Cycling Performance

Jensen et al. · Frontiers in Sports & Active Living · 2024

A controlled cycling time-trial study found that neither breast volume nor sports bra support level impaired performance — though larger breast volume was linked to stronger chest-tightness symptoms during effort.

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Pressure & Perceived Support

Sports Bra Pressure: Effect on Skin Temperature & Wear Comfort

Yick, Keung, Yu et al. · Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health · 2022

High bra pressure (>4 kPa) does not cause discomfort — instead, it enhances the wearer's sense of support and security during treadmill exercise, challenging assumptions about 'too tight' bras.

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Elite Athlete Intervention

Sports Bra Prescription for Team GB Olympic & Paralympic Athletes

Renwick et al. (Univ. of Portsmouth) · Multi-Phase Intervention Study · Tokyo Olympics/Paralympics Cohort

Among 142 elite female athletes individually fitted with a prescribed sports bra, 97% reported improved comfort and support — and 17% reported a meaningful improvement in their performance.

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Contact Sports

Breast Issues in Women's Rugby: Tackling a Gap in the Science

Wakefield-Scurr, Saynor & Wilson · British Journal of Sports Medicine · 2023

The first study to examine breast health concerns specific to contact sports — revealing that tackled breast impacts and lack of appropriate bra guidance affect women rugby players' comfort, confidence, and participation.

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Equestrian Sport

Breast Biomechanics & Exercise-Induced Breast Pain in Female Equestrians

Cameron, Burbage, Lewis et al. · Comparative Exercise Physiology · 2022 · 18(1): 9–19

Examines how riding position and breast support condition interact in equestrian athletes — finding that inadequate breast support measurably alters riding posture and increases breast discomfort during equestrian activity.

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Occupational Health

Breast Health & Bra Considerations for Women in Physically Demanding Occupations

Burbage (Research Group in Breast Health, Univ. of Portsmouth) · Police Magazine · 2023

Extends breast health research into occupational settings — showing that women in physically demanding roles (military, police, firefighting) face unique breast support challenges that affect training capacity and comfort.

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Know a study we should feature?

We're always growing this library. If you're a researcher, clinician or partner with work on breast health and girls in sport, we'd love to hear from you.